{
  "format": "trainlog-science-references-v1",
  "version": 1,
  "references": [
    {
      "ref_id": "acsm_2009",
      "title": "American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults.",
      "year": 2009,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19204579/",
      "doi": "10.1249/mss.0b013e3181915670",
      "pmid": "19204579",
      "topics": [
        "progression",
        "specificity",
        "programming"
      ],
      "notes": "Progressive overload and specificity organize resistance-training progression; adjustment should follow achieved performance and goals.",
      "limitations": "Historical professional position stand; contemporary synthesis above takes precedence for comparative outcomes. No numeric recommendations adopted.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "American College of Sports Medicine.",
      "type": "practical_inference"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "currier_2023",
      "title": "Resistance training prescription for muscle strength and hypertrophy in healthy adults: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37414459/",
      "doi": "10.1136/bjsports-2023-106807",
      "pmid": "37414459",
      "topics": [
        "programming",
        "load",
        "sets",
        "frequency"
      ],
      "notes": "Across reviewed adult trials, resistance training improved strength and hypertrophy; heavier loads ranked better for strength, and multiple sets characterized higher-ranked hypertrophy programs.",
      "limitations": "Network rankings are not individual prescriptions or proof of one universally optimal combination.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Currier BS, Mcleod JC, Banfield L, Beyene J, Welton NJ, D'Souza AC, Keogh JAJ, Lin L, Coletta G, Yang A, Colenso-Semple L, Lau KJ, Verboom A, Phillips SM.",
      "type": "intervention_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "franke_2015",
      "title": "Analysis of anterior, middle and posterior deltoid activation during single and multijoint exercises.",
      "year": 2015,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24947920/",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": "24947920",
      "topics": [
        "rear_delt",
        "rows"
      ],
      "notes": "Reverse pec-deck elicited greater posterior-deltoid surface EMG than the studied row/pulldown tasks.",
      "limitations": "Twelve trained men; selected exercises/techniques only; no longitudinal hypertrophy comparison; no DOI reported in indexed record.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "publication_note": "Print 2015; online indexed June 2014.",
      "authors_or_organization": "Franke Rde A, Botton CE, Rodrigues R, Pinto RS, Lima CS.",
      "type": "emg_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "grgic_2022",
      "title": "Effects of resistance training performed to repetition failure or non-failure on muscular strength and hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33497853/",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.jshs.2021.01.007",
      "pmid": "33497853",
      "topics": [
        "failure",
        "strength",
        "hypertrophy"
      ],
      "notes": "Failure was not generally necessary for strength or hypertrophy gains in included comparisons.",
      "limitations": "Nonfailure effort and volume differ between studies; this does not imply arbitrary easy sets equal hard sets.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Orazem J, Sabol F.",
      "type": "intervention_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "kassiano_2022",
      "title": "Does Varying Resistance Exercises Promote Superior Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gains? A Systematic Review.",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35438660/",
      "doi": "10.1519/jsc.0000000000004258",
      "pmid": "35438660",
      "topics": [
        "selection",
        "variation"
      ],
      "notes": "Systematic exercise variation may distribute regional stimulus and support task-specific strength; excessive random variation lacks support.",
      "limitations": "Eight studies, all young men; limited generalizability and no universal rotation schedule.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Kassiano W, Nunes JP, Costa B, Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Cyrino ES.",
      "type": "intervention_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "lee_2015",
      "title": "Enhanced muscle activity during lumbar extension exercise with pelvic stabilization.",
      "year": 2015,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26730390/",
      "doi": "10.12965/jer.150249",
      "pmid": "26730390",
      "topics": [
        "back_extension",
        "pelvic_stabilization"
      ],
      "notes": "Pelvic stabilization altered lumbar-extensor excitation during extension testing.",
      "limitations": "Acute small study; equipment restraint and execution matter; no claim of clinical benefit or universal isolation.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Lee HS.",
      "type": "emg_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "lehman_2004",
      "title": "Variations in muscle activation levels during traditional latissimus dorsi weight training exercises: An experimental study.",
      "year": 2004,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15228624/",
      "doi": "10.1186/1476-5918-3-4",
      "pmid": "15228624",
      "topics": [
        "lat_pulldown",
        "seated_row"
      ],
      "notes": "Measured latissimus, elbow-flexor and scapular-muscle activity differed across studied pulldown/row tasks.",
      "limitations": "Isometric portions and surface recordings; no mapping of all divergent machine trajectories or outcome superiority.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Lehman GJ, Buchan DD, Lundy A, Myers N, Nalborczyk A.",
      "type": "emg_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "life_fitness_catalog_2024",
      "title": "Life Fitness commercial product catalogue 2024",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://www.lifefitness.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Life-Fitness-Catalogue_2024_web.pdf",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "multifunction",
        "equipment_identity"
      ],
      "notes": "Catalogue lists distinct Pectoral Fly/Rear Deltoid and Assist Dip Chin combination products.",
      "limitations": "EXAMPLE ONLY: establishes available equipment concepts, not manufacturer/model identification in the observed gym or anatomical efficacy.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Life Fitness",
      "type": "manufacturer_statement"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "maeo_2021",
      "title": "Greater Hamstrings Muscle Hypertrophy but Similar Damage Protection after Training at Long versus Short Muscle Lengths.",
      "year": 2021,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33009197/",
      "doi": "10.1249/mss.0000000000002523",
      "pmid": "33009197",
      "topics": [
        "hamstrings",
        "seated_leg_curl",
        "prone_leg_curl"
      ],
      "notes": "Within-person training found greater biarticular hamstring growth with seated than prone curls; both variants trained knee flexion.",
      "limitations": "One protocol/population; not a guarantee for every machine, person, muscle region or strength task.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Maeo S, Huang M, Wu Y, Sakurai H, Kusagawa Y, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T.",
      "type": "intervention_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "martin_fuentes_2020",
      "title": "Evaluation of the Lower Limb Muscles' Electromyographic Activity during the Leg Press Exercise and Its Variants: A Systematic Review.",
      "year": 2020,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32605065/",
      "doi": "10.3390/ijerph17134626",
      "pmid": "32605065",
      "topics": [
        "leg_press"
      ],
      "notes": "Leg-press studies report substantial quadriceps excitation; variant findings are inconsistent.",
      "limitations": "EMG review does not establish universal foot-position targeting, force shares or hypertrophy ranking.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Martín-Fuentes I, Oliva-Lozano JM, Muyor JM.",
      "type": "emg_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "nih_abdominal_wall",
      "title": "Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Anterolateral Abdominal Wall",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525975/",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "core",
        "trunk"
      ],
      "notes": "Rectus abdominis, internal/external obliques and transversus have movement, abdominal-wall tension and stabilization roles.",
      "limitations": "Functional anatomy only; clinical sections are outside this handoff scope.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Kevin Seeras; Ryan N. Qasawa; Ricky Ju; Shivana Prakash",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "nih_deltoid",
      "title": "Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Deltoid Muscle",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537056/",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "deltoids",
        "shoulder"
      ],
      "notes": "Anterior, middle and posterior portions have distinct lines of action; relative contribution depends on arm position.",
      "limitations": "Functional anatomy only; clinical sections are outside this handoff scope.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Adel Elzanie; Matthew A. Varacallo",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "nih_gluteus_minimus",
      "title": "Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Gluteus Minimus Muscle",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "hip_abduction",
        "glutes",
        "gait"
      ],
      "notes": "Minimus abducts and stabilizes the hip; anterior fibers support internal rotation. Prevents erroneous adduction classification from textbook alternative text.",
      "limitations": "Functional anatomy only; clinical sections are outside this handoff scope.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Anthony J. Greco; Renato C. Vilella",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "nih_pectoralis",
      "title": "Anatomy, Thorax, Pectoralis Major Major",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525991/",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "chest",
        "shoulder"
      ],
      "notes": "Clavicular and sternocostal parts share shoulder adduction/internal rotation; clavicular fibers support flexion, sternocostal fibers extension from flexion. Regional anatomy does not prove isolated regional training.",
      "limitations": "Functional anatomy only; clinical sections are outside this handoff scope.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Francesca Solari; Bracken Burns",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "openstax_actions",
      "title": "Anatomy and Physiology 2e: Types of Body Movements",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-5-types-of-body-movements",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "joint_actions"
      ],
      "notes": "Terminology of joint movements. Pattern labels in Trainlog remain authored programming abstractions.",
      "limitations": "Textbook synthesis; not a machine-specific force or adaptation study.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "J. Gordon Betts; Kelly A. Young; James A. Wise; Eddie Johnson; Brandon Poe; Dean H. Kruse; Oksana Korol; Jody E. Johnson; Mark Womble; Peter DeSaix",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "openstax_back",
      "title": "Anatomy and Physiology 2e: Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "spinal_extensors",
        "multifidus"
      ],
      "notes": "Vertebral-column muscle functions including erector spinae and deep posterior muscles.",
      "limitations": "Textbook synthesis; not a machine-specific force or adaptation study.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "J. Gordon Betts; Kelly A. Young; James A. Wise; Eddie Johnson; Brandon Poe; Dean H. Kruse; Oksana Korol; Jody E. Johnson; Mark Womble; Peter DeSaix",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "openstax_lower",
      "title": "Anatomy and Physiology 2e: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-6-appendicular-muscles-of-the-pelvic-girdle-and-lower-limbs",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "hip",
        "knee",
        "ankle"
      ],
      "notes": "Functional lower-limb anatomy. Figure alternative text contains direction inconsistencies for minimus/pectineus/gracilis; use action definitions and NIH corroboration, not those phrases.",
      "limitations": "Textbook synthesis; not a machine-specific force or adaptation study.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "J. Gordon Betts; Kelly A. Young; James A. Wise; Eddie Johnson; Brandon Poe; Dean H. Kruse; Oksana Korol; Jody E. Johnson; Mark Womble; Peter DeSaix",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "openstax_trunk",
      "title": "Anatomy and Physiology 2e: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-4-axial-muscles-of-the-abdominal-wall-and-thorax",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "trunk",
        "abdominals",
        "spinal_extensors"
      ],
      "notes": "Trunk movement, abdominal compression and postural roles.",
      "limitations": "Textbook synthesis; not a machine-specific force or adaptation study.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "J. Gordon Betts; Kelly A. Young; James A. Wise; Eddie Johnson; Brandon Poe; Dean H. Kruse; Oksana Korol; Jody E. Johnson; Mark Womble; Peter DeSaix",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "openstax_upper",
      "title": "Anatomy and Physiology 2e: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-5-muscles-of-the-pectoral-girdle-and-upper-limbs",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "shoulder",
        "scapula",
        "elbow",
        "forearm"
      ],
      "notes": "Functional anatomy of upper-limb and scapular muscles; no exercise outcome ranking.",
      "limitations": "Textbook synthesis; not a machine-specific force or adaptation study.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "J. Gordon Betts; Kelly A. Young; James A. Wise; Eddie Johnson; Brandon Poe; Dean H. Kruse; Oksana Korol; Jody E. Johnson; Mark Womble; Peter DeSaix",
      "type": "established_anatomy"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "precor_pulley_example",
      "title": "Resolute Dual Adjustable Pulley RUD0915",
      "year": null,
      "url": "https://www.precor.com/en-US/products/RUD0915",
      "doi": null,
      "pmid": null,
      "topics": [
        "cable",
        "load_context"
      ],
      "notes": "Manufacturer documents a 4:1 cable ratio on this particular example, demonstrating why stack labels and handle resistance differ.",
      "limitations": "EXAMPLE ONLY: not evidence that the user owns Precor or this model; local pulley ratios remain unresolved.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Precor",
      "type": "manufacturer_statement"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "refalo_2023",
      "title": "Influence of Resistance Training Proximity-to-Failure on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36334240/",
      "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01784-y",
      "pmid": "36334240",
      "topics": [
        "proximity_to_failure"
      ],
      "notes": "Failure definitions matter; available categorical comparisons do not establish a simple more-failure-is-better hypertrophy rule.",
      "limitations": "Literature search predates newer trials; uncertainty in actual repetitions in reserve prevents exact universal thresholds.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Refalo MC, Helms ER, Trexler ET, Hamilton DL, Fyfe JJ.",
      "type": "intervention_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "vieira_2022",
      "title": "Effects of Resistance Training to Muscle Failure on Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.",
      "year": 2022,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34881412/",
      "doi": "10.1007/s40279-021-01602-x",
      "pmid": "34881412",
      "topics": [
        "fatigue",
        "recovery",
        "failure"
      ],
      "notes": "Failure training generated greater acute fatigue than nonfailure conditions in the reviewed experiments.",
      "limitations": "Acute markers do not establish a universal recovery duration or predict individual long-term adaptation.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "authors_or_organization": "Vieira JG, Sardeli AV, Dias MR, Filho JE, Campos Y, Sant'Ana L, Leitão L, Reis V, Wilk M, Novaes J, Vianna J.",
      "type": "intervention_evidence"
    },
    {
      "ref_id": "vigotsky_2018",
      "title": "Interpreting Signal Amplitudes in Surface Electromyography Studies in Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences.",
      "year": 2017,
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29354060/",
      "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2017.00985",
      "pmid": "29354060",
      "topics": [
        "measurement",
        "emg"
      ],
      "notes": "Surface EMG amplitude reflects a recording-dependent excitation signal and cannot directly rank hypertrophy, force or training effectiveness.",
      "limitations": "Methodological review; anatomical inference and longitudinal outcomes require separate evidence.",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-09",
      "publication_note": "Volume/index year 2017; online publication January 4, 2018.",
      "authors_or_organization": "Vigotsky AD, Halperin I, Lehman GJ, Trajano GS, Vieira TM.",
      "type": "emg_evidence"
    }
  ]
}