113 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
113 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
# Functional anatomy and movement knowledge
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TRAINING KNOWLEDGE V1 separates anatomy from the exercise, its execution and
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its physical equipment. A muscle can move a joint, assist another mover or
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stabilize a segment; its role changes with posture, resistance direction and
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movement phase. The catalogs record qualitative roles, not force percentages,
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effective-set fractions or physiological measurements.
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The scientific references are in `catalog/science-references-v1.json`.
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Functional entities, joint actions and authored movement conventions belong in
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`catalog/muscles-v1.json`, `catalog/joint-actions-v1.json` and
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`catalog/movement-patterns-v1.json`. A muscle region or muscle group is not a
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new anatomical muscle. Parent groups and their component muscles must not be
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summed as independent exposure.
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## Evidence and confidence
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Every interpretation distinguishes established anatomy, biomechanical
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interpretation, EMG evidence, intervention evidence, manufacturer statements
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and practical inference. Anatomy explains plausible function; longitudinal
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training studies address adaptation. Surface EMG measures a signal affected
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by recording and physiological conditions. Greater amplitude does not establish
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greater muscle force, hypertrophy, strength improvement or universal primary
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muscle status. [Vigotsky and colleagues](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29354060/)
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Confidence uses exactly `high`, `moderate` and `uncertain`. Established anatomy
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can have high confidence while its application to an unobserved machine variant
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remains uncertain. Moderate confidence is appropriate when the exercise family
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is clear but geometry changes secondary or stabilizing roles. Missing evidence
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is retained explicitly, not replaced with a commercial-name rule.
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## Functional muscle coverage
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The catalog covers these functional distinctions:
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| Area | Functional distinctions |
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| Chest | Pectoralis major, clavicular and sternocostal regions; pectoralis minor as a scapular muscle |
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| Back and scapula | Latissimus dorsi, teres major, trapezius regions, rhomboids and serratus anterior |
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| Shoulder | Anterior, middle and posterior deltoid; supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis |
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| Arms and forearms | Elbow flexors, triceps, grip/wrist flexors and extensors, pronation and supination |
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| Trunk | Rectus abdominis, obliques, transversus abdominis, erector spinae, multifidus and quadratus lumborum |
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| Hip | Gluteal muscles, tensor fasciae latae, iliopsoas and adductors |
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| Thigh | Quadriceps with biarticular rectus femoris distinguished from vasti; biarticular hamstrings distinguished from biceps femoris short head |
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| Lower leg | Gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior |
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Upper-limb anatomy supports shoulder, scapular, elbow and forearm distinctions.
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Scapular movement is not interchangeable with glenohumeral movement. Stabilizing
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the humeral head is not the same task as dynamically rotating the shoulder.
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[OpenStax upper-limb anatomy](https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-5-muscles-of-the-pectoral-girdle-and-upper-limbs)
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Pectoral regions share actions but differ in orientation and contribution across
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shoulder positions. Their existence does not establish separate isolatable
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“upper” and “lower” chest muscles. Deltoid regions likewise have different
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lines of action; the movement identifies the likely emphasis.
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[NIH pectoralis anatomy](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525991/),
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[NIH deltoid anatomy](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537056/)
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The hip and knee distinctions are essential: knee extension and knee flexion
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are different functions despite both mapping to `thighs`. Gastrocnemius crosses
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the knee and ankle; soleus does not cross the knee. Hip flexion changes the
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length of biarticular hamstrings but not biceps femoris short head.
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[OpenStax lower-limb anatomy](https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-6-appendicular-muscles-of-the-pelvic-girdle-and-lower-limbs),
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[Maeo and colleagues](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33009197/)
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Gluteus minimus abducts and stabilizes the hip. Some lower-limb textbook figure
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alternative text describes direction inconsistently, including minimus and
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adductor examples; those descriptions are not copied as anatomical truth.
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The NIH account corroborates the minimus classification.
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[NIH gluteus minimus anatomy](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556144/)
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Spinal flexion/extension and hip flexion/extension must remain separate.
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Abdominal-wall muscles combine movement and tension/control functions, while
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posterior spinal muscles contribute extension and segmental control.
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[OpenStax spinal anatomy](https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back),
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[OpenStax trunk anatomy](https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/11-4-axial-muscles-of-the-abdominal-wall-and-thorax),
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[NIH abdominal-wall anatomy](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525975/)
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## Actions, patterns and stabilization
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Joint actions describe motion. Their definitions include shoulder and scapular
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actions, elbow flexion/extension, forearm rotation, hip actions, knee actions,
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ankle actions and trunk flexion/extension/rotation/lateral flexion.
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A loaded return may reverse the visible joint motion while the same agonists
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control it eccentrically.
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[OpenStax movement terminology](https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-5-types-of-body-movements)
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Horizontal/vertical push and pull, knee dominant, hip dominant and single-joint
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patterns are Trainlog programming conventions grounded in those actions.
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They are not universally standardized anatomical categories or exact torque
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ratios. A single-joint exercise can involve many muscles and stabilizers.
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A dip grouped as a vertical push is still mechanically different from an
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overhead press.
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Trunk stabilization describes resisting an external moment while limiting
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motion. Anti-extension, anti-rotation and anti-lateral-flexion are task demands,
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not invented joint movements. Locomotion, cyclic pedaling and cyclic rowing
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remain distinct; a cardio profile alone does not identify the action sequence.
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## BODY ZONES projection
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`catalog/body-zones-v1.json` remains the authoritative UX taxonomy. Its zones
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are coarser than functional anatomy. Forearm muscles fall under `arms`,
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posterior trunk muscles can relate to both `back` and `core`, and the lateral
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thorax/scapular function of serratus anterior does not fit a simple surface
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location rule. Scientific muscle-level projections explain these conventions;
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they do not alter persisted exercise relations.
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A secondary BODY ZONE need not list every accessory or stabilizing muscle.
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Absence of `shoulders` on a row does not deny posterior-deltoid participation.
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Absence of `thighs` on hip abduction does not deny tensor fasciae latae
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participation. `full_body` is not an automatic synonym for cardio or a command
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to mark every zone.
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